The MLS-01 tokenization standard is Mintlayer's equivalent to Ethereum's ERC-20, representing the most basic form of fungible tokens on the Mintlayer blockchain. It leverages Mintlayer's UTXO architecture to simplify token creation, eliminating the need for complex smart contract languages like Solidity. MLS-01 tokens come with various customizable features, including a ticker, issuance amount, decimal places, metadata URI, and replaceable authority, while also supporting optional functionalities like supply management. This standard ensures compatibility across all Mintlayer wallets, providing a user-friendly and efficient tokenization solution.

Mintlayer's Pulsar consensus works through a novel Proof of Stake (PoS) protocol designed specifically for its role as a Bitcoin sidechain. The system uses Verifiable Random Functions (VRFs) to determine block production eligibility, with pools generating random numbers that must fall below a threshold based on network parameters and the pool's stake size. This approach aims to produce a block every 120 seconds on average, with larger pools having a proportionally higher chance of being selected as block producers. Mintlayer employs a unique chain selection rule based on "chain density," choosing the chain with the most filled block slots rather than simply the longest chain or the one with the most accumulated stake or work.

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Non-Turing complete smart contracts, like those used in Mintlayer, are not necessarily a limiting factor in blockchain technology. While they may appear restrictive at first glance, they offer significant benefits in terms of security, efficiency, and predictability. The Ethereum whitepaper itself acknowledges that Turing-incompleteness is not a major limitation, with only a small percentage of smart contracts truly requiring Turing-complete functionality. In fact, most desired functionalities can be achieved with non-Turing complete contracts by using slightly more code or alternative approaches, while maintaining higher safety standards and avoiding issues like the halting problem that plague Turing-complete systems.

The MLS-03 tokenization standard is Mintlayer's implementation for non-fungible tokens (NFTs), designed to represent unique digital assets on the blockchain. Similar to MLS-01 tokens in basic functionality, MLS-03 tokens differ in that they don't manage a supply, as each token is inherently unique. MLS-03 NFTs come with additional attributes including a creator, name, description, icon, media hash, and media URI, providing a comprehensive framework for representing and managing diverse digital collectibles, artwork, and other unique assets on the Mintlayer platform.

Mintlayer chose the UTXO model over the account-based model for several key reasons:

1. UTXOs offer better scalability by allowing parallel transaction processing, which encourages innovation in scaling solutions.
2. The UTXO model provides enhanced privacy compared to account-based systems, making it harder to link transactions to specific users.
3. Most importantly, UTXOs enable seamless integration with Bitcoin, the largest and most trusted cryptocurrency network, aligning with Mintlayer's goal of interoperability with the Bitcoin ecosystem.
4. Additionally, the UTXO model supports efficient transaction validation and lightweight client implementations, contributing to the overall security and usability of the blockchain.

Non-Turing complete smart contracts are generally safer than Turing-complete ones for several reasons:
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1. Simplicity and predictability: Non-Turing complete contracts have a determined set of rules and limitations, making them easier to verify and analyze for potential vulnerabilities.
   
   
2. Execution guarantees: These contracts are guaranteed to finish executing, eliminating the "halting problem" associated with Turing-complete systems. This removes the need for complex mechanisms like gas limits in Ethereum.
   
   
3. Reduced attack surface: The limited functionality of non-Turing complete contracts naturally restricts the potential for exploits. Historical examples like the DAO hack and recent Vyper exploits demonstrate the security risks inherent in more complex, Turing-complete systems.
   
   
4. Easier validation: The simplicity of non-Turing complete contracts allows for faster validation and execution, contributing to overall network efficiency and security.

Mintlayer chose Rust for node development due to its strong emphasis on security and reliability, which are crucial for building a future-proof financial infrastructure. Rust's unique features, such as its borrowing system, provide exceptional safety guarantees without sacrificing performance, as it doesn't require a garbage collector. The language's efficiency and ability to ensure thread safety make it ideal for developing high-performance blockchain nodes. Additionally, Rust's compiler actively promotes best programming practices, further enhancing the overall quality and robustness of the codebase.